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<article-title>3-Dimensional Subsurface Mapping Using Non-Destructive Ground Penetrating Radar</article-title>
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<author>Nur Azwin Ismail, Rosli Saad, Stephen Chia and M. M. Nordiana  </author>

<aff>Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. </aff>

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<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p> Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that has been developed for shallow subsurface structure investigation. It provides nondestructive and rapid way of continuous high resolution profiles across a suggested site. This method used to help identify and characterize archaeological sites prior to excavation. It has unique ability to sense buried artifacts and soil disturbances. By using the principle of propagation of electromagnetic wave, this method was executed in subsurface mapping at Sarawak. The study was done with total of 8 parallel survey lines and spacing between lines is 3m. MALA 500MHz shielded antenna was implemented to detect cultural layer of burial site and thickness of overburden. The subsurface was imaged in 3-dimensional views which presented the top view, front view and side view. Results show the overburden layer detected with thickness of &#60; 0.4 m which made up of alluvium. The overburden layer is suggested consist of cultural layer. Rock head of limestone bedrock detected at depth 0.1 - 0.4m. There are anomalies spotted with depth &#60; 0.3m that may due to grave goods such as metals items, pottery or stoneware. The objective is achieved and the subsurface is successfully mapped.  </p><p><italic>Keywords: </italic>Ground penetrating radar, Subsurface, Electromagnetic, Cultural layer, 3-Dimensional. </p>
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<hpdf>SNG116</hpdf>
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