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<article-title>Wig or No Wig? &#x2013; When the Early American Diplomats Met with European Court Protocol</article-title>
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<author>Lukrecija Maljkovic Atanasovska</author>

<aff>SEE University, Republic of Macedonia</aff>

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<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>When the United States of America adopted the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the American
diplomacy was put before a new, unprecedented task &#x2013; to gain more supporters of its independence
among the European powers and acquire international recognition and respect. The new young country
had to abandon the simplistic uniqueness of diplomatic informality and master the strict rules of
courtesies and court etiquette in Europe. The rules of diplomatic courtesy had to be abided by, even by
former adversaries, with the European sophistication and stiffness on one side and the American
absence of niceties on the other. Having to respect European protocol was not an easy task for the
ministers of the new country. Some of the formalities were incomprehensibly grotesque to the first
American diplomats. Franklin had to succumb to the French fashion of white faces and curly wigs, yet,
thus gaining incredulous popularity among the French Bohemians. Upon arriving at the French Court to
negotiate military assistance for the colonies, he described his shock with the powdered faces of the
European nobility in his letters to the Congress, calling them clowns and refusing to accept false moles
on his face. Silas Dean almost became a victim to his absence of diligence in note writing, but his
diplomatic farsightedness and lavish gifts to the wife of Louis XVI won him deep respect at the French
court. John Adams embarked on a diplomatic career with scarcely any knowledge of the French
language and culture, and his idea that diplomatic representation could be unilateral resulted in several
diplomatic mishaps which were detrimental to the American early foreign policy. Despite the fact that
the American early ministers were not always keen or apt to accept the court protocols of the Old
World, frequently even resenting what they believed was artificiality and phoniness, they were aware of
the fact that the new country they represented, albeit inexperienced in protocol matters, must inevitably
join the diplomatic order and international courtesies had they wanted to gain recognition and
international acceptance.</p>
<p><italic>Keywords: </italic>Diplomatic protocol, Protocol, Diplomacy, Etiquette. </p>
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