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<article-title>The Portrayal of the Female Protagonists in Anna Karenina, Madame Bovary and A&#x015F;k&#x005F;I Memnu (Forbidden Love): Questioning Gender Roles</article-title>
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<author>Berna K&#x00F6;seo&#x015F;lu</author>

<aff>Kocaeli University, Turkey</aff>

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<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>In various literary works, different women with different characteristics come into view, which shows
that gender issue and the conflict between men and women have been questioned by authors, who
aimed at reflecting the gender problem by highlighting the position of females in society. Women are
sometimes portrayed as obedient, sometimes as rebellious characters in literary works. Therefore, the
social conditions and the cultural norms play a very important role in the depiction of female characters
in literature. In this sense, in Tolstoy&#x2019;s Anna Karenina, Flaubert&#x2019;s Madame Bovary and U&#x015F;akl&#x0131;gil&#x2019;s A&#x015F;k&#x0131;
Memnu (Forbidden Love), the focus is on the conflicts not only between women and men but also
between women and social norms restricting the lives of females, metaphorically confining them and
preventing them from proving their identities. In addition, in these realistic works, the female
protagonists are involved in adultery, which causes them to experience psychological problems together
with the social ones. As a consequence, in this study, the characteristics of these female protagonists
will be discussed in the 19th century Russia, France and Ottoman Turkey, in a comparative manner, so
as to identify the impact of the social pressure upon these female characters, who commit suicide at the
end of these novels and to recognize the destructive nature of the patriarchal norms upon females in
different environments.</p>
<p><italic>Keywords: </italic>Gender problem, Adultery, Anna karenina, Madame bovary, A&#x015F;k-&#x0131; memnu (Forbidden
Love). </p>
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